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Epigenetic regulation of spatiotemporal gene expression in ontogenesis is determined by programmed species-specific activations of retroelements in successive cell divisions. Evolutionary selection of this genome control mechanism is aimed at achieving a mature state, after which unprogrammed activation of retroelements occurs, which expression products stimulate interferon response, aseptic inflammation and aging-associated diseases development, such as atherosclerosis. Interferon in atherosclerosis stimulates pro-inflammatory macrophage phenotype, which contributes to pathological immune response, foam cell formation and atherosclerosis progression. Activation of retroelements occurs under the influence of viral infections, which role in atherosclerosis development has been proven, which confirms my hypothesis. Dysfunctional foam macrophages produce HERV-K102, which stimulates innate immunity, HERV-K HML2 expression correlates with macrophage immune activation and interferon response. Data were obtained on association with atherosclerosis of microRNAs derived from retroelements, which are involved in the disease pathogenesis due to their influence on cholesterol metabolism (miR-498, -520d), immune processes (miR-1257, -28, -2909), activation of DNMT1 (miR-1264) and EZH2 (miR-630), gene expression in endothelial cells (10 specific miRNAs), vascular smooth muscle cells (14 specific miRNAs) and macrophages (miR-320b, -326, -378, -384), contributing to pathological phenotype of these cells. In atherosclerosis microRNAs derived from retroelements interact with circular RNAs (miR-495, -576, -579, -630, -633, -637, -942) and long non-coding RNAs (miR-326, -4731, -495, - 616, -641, -664a) the key sources of which are retroelements. Role of ANRIL, NEAT1, PAPIA, MAARS, VINAS, H19, AK136714, MIAT, and interaction of Alu elements with ANRIL and NEAT1, identified in atherosclerosis development. The data obtained can become the basis for targeted effect on retroelements activation in atherosclerosis using microRNAs.

Injury to the proximal part of the equine suspensory ligament (SL), called proximal suspensory desmitis (PSD), commonly causes lameness in horses. PSD is extremely difficult to manage and treat, with present methods often unable to achieve full recovery, especially in chronic cases. The present study was the first to use gene therapy to restore moderate and severe injuries of the proximal suspensory ligament in horses. Plasmid DNA encoding species specific bone morphogenetic protein 2 (bmp2) and vascular endothelial growth factor (vegf164) was injected into the site of proximal suspensory ligament injury, followed by box rest and a controlled exercise program. Clinical observations and ultrasound imaging were used to evaluate effectiveness over a period of 12 months. No negative side effects were observed. Clinical improvements were observed, especially in the forelimb affected horses, by day 30. In horses with chronic hindlimb PSD, few clinical improvements were reported. Echogenicity and the fiber alignment scoring improved but no concomitant changes to cross section area, dorsopalmar thickness or lateromedial width of the proximal suspensory ligament were observed. The transfer of bmp2 and vegf164 genes into the equine PSL exhibited beneficial effects in horses with acute or subacute forms of lesions, primarily in the forelimb.

Obesity is recognized as a multifactorial health condition characterized by excess body fat accumulation. Orlistat is a well-known effective anti-obesity therapeutic drug, however, like many other medications on the market, it has certain unpleasant side effects. Medical herbs have recently acquired popularity in the treatment of obesity. The current project's intention was to evaluate the effect of treatment with Artemisia annua extract (AAE) to ameliorate hepato-renal dysfunction in obese rats. 40 male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were divided into 4 groups (n = 10). The 1^st group (Gp1) served as a negative control, and Gp2 was used as a positive control and given a high-fat diet (HFD) for a period of 12 weeks. For a period of 8 weeks, Gp3 and Gp4 received HFD and daily treatments of orlistat (30 mg/kg) or AAE (150 mg/kg), respectively. Hematological, biochemical, and histopathological parameters were determined. The results demonstrated that obese rats, Gp2, had hepato-renal impairment. Moreover, hepato-renal dysfunctions were exacerbated when orlistat was administered to obese rats of Gp3. In contrast, AAE-treated obese rats, Gp4, have shown alleviated hematological changes and resulted in considerable improvements in hepato-renal function. Taken together, AAE administration demonstrated potential ameliorative effects against hepato-renal dysfunctions in obese rats when compared to treatment with orlistat.

Breast cancer (BC) is one of the most common causes of death among women in the world. This study investigated the role of global DNA methylation (5mC) and hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1α) levels in BC disease progression. Blood samples were collected from 40 patients with benign breast tumors, 40 patients with malignant breast tumors, and 40 healthy subjects. Patients with malignant breast tumors were divided into two groups: women in stage II (low-level), and patients in stages III and IV (high-level). Genomic DNA was isolated from whole blood samples from the subjects and used for global DNA methylation. Furthermore, the levels of HIF-1α expression were measured. The results showed that the levels of 5mC in patients with BC and benign breast tumors were considerably lower (0.538 ± 0.03 and 0.432 ± 0.04%, respectively), compared to the control (0.619 ± 0.05%). Furthermore, there was a significant (p ≤ 0.05) decrease in levels of 5mC in BC patients at stages III and IV compared to control. However, there were no significant differences between low-level and high-level stages. The HIF-1α levels of patients in both the benign breast tumors and BC were insignificant (923.35 ± 72.42 and 1386.03 ± 102.01pg/ml, respectively), compared to the control (825.5 ± 62.36 pg/ml). Although, BC patients at low levels showed no significant difference in HIF-1α levels compared with patients at high levels. The findings indicated that variations in 5mC levels across different stages and types of breast tumors may serve as a prognostic indicator for the development of BC and also implicated HIF-1α in the development of BC.

The heritability of human psychological well-being ranges from 36 to 48%. GWAS conducted between 2016 and 2019 identified 364 SNPs significant for well-being. A significant association with psychological well-being has been shown for the APOE, OXTR, OXT, NMUR2, CNR1, CRHR1, and CYP19A1 genes. The greatest influence on psychological well-being is exerted by allelic variants of the MAYA, 5-HTT, СOMT genes, and the CTRA gene group (conservative transcriptional response to adversity). Brain functioning is influenced by the peculiarities of VNTR distribution in the regulatory regions of the 5-HTT, SLC6A3, AVPR1A, FUS, OXT, PARK7, POMC, TACR3, TRPV1 and TRPV3 genes. These features are due to the individual distribution of SVA (SINE-VNTR-Alu) retroelements, which belong to transposons that are drivers of epigenetic regulation. Features of activation of retroelements located in the regulatory regions of genes may affect the individual level of well-being. This is evidenced by the association with psychological well-being of DRD4, MAOA, SLC6A3, 5-HTT genes alleles, determined by the length of VNTR in their regulatory regions. Evidence of retroelements role in well-being regulation is that retroelements are sources of protein-coding genes and microRNAs involved in brain functioning. The Arc gene, derived from retroelements, is characterized by transport into neuronal dendrites with translation regulation. We analyzed the MDTE DB database on transposon-derived microRNAs and scientific literature. According to the results, 12 miRNAs, derived from transposons, are associated with major depressive disorder. The data obtained indicate the influence of transposons on psychological well-being, which is assessed by the absence of depression. 

Pancreatic cancer (PC) is one of the most aggressive malignant neoplasms. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) was performed in 223 patients from Nizhny Novgorod with morphologically verified pancreatic cancer (PC) treated at the Oncological Dispensary of the Nizhny Novgorod Region in 2021-2022. The patients were conditionally divided into two subgroups: The first subgroup (184 patients) underwent PCR testing at the Nizhny Novgorod Regional Oncology Dispensary and then next-generation sequencing (NGS) of the coding regions of the BRCA1/2 genes at the National Medical Research Centre of Radiology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. The second subgroup (39 patients) underwent NGS of the coding regions of cancer-associated genes at the Centre for Personalised Medicine of the Moscow Clinical Scientific and Practical Centre named after A.S. Loginov. Germline mutations in the BRCA1/2 genes were detected in 6 patients with pancreatic cancer (3.3 ± 1.3%), including one case in the BRCA1 gene and 5 in the BRCA2 gene. Various pathogenic mutations in genes (ATM, FANCC, POLE, NBN, BLM, SMARCA4, MUTYH, FANCG) associated with different oncological syndromes were found in 9 patients (23.1 ± 1.2%). The high prevalence rates of different pathogenic variants in PC patients, regardless of age and family history of oncology, indicate the need for medical genetic counselling followed by NGS. The detection of germline mutations in genes of hereditary tumour syndromes in PC patients will help to identify high-risk groups for tumor development in relatives and enable early diagnosis. 

A major problem of medicine is the prevention, treatment and rehabilitation of patients with congenital malformations of the maxillofacial region. This is due to their frequency, the severity of anatomical and functional disorders, as well as the complexity of social adaptation of patients. Cleft lip and palate are highly common malformations with a significant variation of risk factors. The updating of epidemiological data in certain regions of Russia makes it possible to identify the dominant causal mechanisms of the occurrence of defects, to determine the necessary directions for improving preventive and diagnostic measures, treatment and tactics of dispensary supervision of patients. The analysis of the incidence of congenital malformations of the maxillofacial region in the city of Nizhny Novgorod and the Nizhny Novgorod region of Russia over the past 19 years has been carried out. The risk factors for the development of anomalies, the structure of morbidity, the type and nature of the therapeutic measures carried out were determined.

The study was designed to determine the effect of different levels of both elements (potassium and calcium) on some variables in the microscopic examination of semen (account and shape of sperms and their rate of movement within the semen plasma). In this study, 60 semen samples were collected from healthy people and divided into three groups based on the test results. Group (A) represented samples with positive results, and group (B) represented the average test results. At the same time, group (C) included weak results. The results were obtained after comparing the extent of the effect of calcium and potassium on the number, shape and movement of sperms between the three groups. The results showed that potassium had a significant effect on the number of sperm cells and the nature of movement in group (A) at the level of probability (P ≤ 0.05). In group (B), the effect of potassium on the percentage of normal-shaped sperm cells was observed. In group (C), the effect of potassium level on the shape ratios of normal and abnormal cells. For calcium element, the study's results showed the effect of calcium element in group (A) on the percentage of motile cells, and the same effect of calcium applies to group (B). As for group (C), the effect of calcium was on the percentage of immobile cells and cells with an abnormal shape. 

Cytokine storms are a major contributor to acute respiratory failure, causing numerous organ dysfunction, including kidney damage, as a result of inflammation-induced tubular injury, particularly evident in COVID-19 infections. This occurrence poses a global health risk. Experimental evidence suggests that naringenin, a natural flavonoid, has a variety of biological activities. The present study was conducted to examine the protective effects of naringenin in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced lung and kidney injuries in mice and determine its relationship with the suppression of pro-inflammatory mediators. Forty-eight Swiss albino male mice were divided into four groups. Group I received 0.9% normal saline, Group II received 5 mg/kg LPS only, and Groups III and IV received 50 or 100 mg/kg naringenin, respectively, one hour before LPS administration. The effects of naringenin, vehicle, or LPS administration on mortality rate, pro-inflammatory cytokine (IL-6, IL-1, IL-8, and TNF-α) levels, and lung/renal histological changes were evaluated after 48 hours. The results showed that the naringenin-treated groups exhibited a significant (p ≤ 0.01) reduction in pro-inflammatory cytokine levels compared to Group II. Histological examinations revealed that mice in Group II displayed significant (p ≤ 0.01) lung and renal tissue injuries, while Groups III and IV exhibited a significant (p ≤ 0.01) reduction in pulmonary and renal injuries, as demonstrated by improved macroscopic scores and reduced mortality. The findings of this study strongly suggest that naringenin has potent protective effects in mice against LPS-induced lung damage and associated kidney dysfunction. Consequently, naringenin has promise as a human anti-cytokine storm therapeutic agent.

Prostate cancer (PCa), a challenging ailment, impacts a substantial number of men globally, primarily in prestigious regions. The study aimed to explore the functions of PD-1, PDL-1, PSA, and testosterone markers in detecting the pathogenesis of PCa. Medical City-Baghdad hosted the research from July to October 2021. After examination and diagnosis by the Medical City consultant expert, 40 blood samples (20 benign and 20 malignant) were collected from prostate cancer (PCa) patients. Eight healthy individuals were used as a control group and their blood samples were taken. Patients and controls ranged in age from 20-49. The ELISA technique was employed to assess the levels of program death-1 (PD-1), program death ligand-1 (PDL-1), and prostate specific antigen (PSA), and testosterone parameters. The study found substantial differences (P < 0.05) across age groups and study groups, with malignant patients scoring highest (70.0%) at 40-49 years and benign patients scoring highest (45.0%) at 30-39 years. Elevated levels of PD-1, PDL-1, and PSA are observed in both benign and malignant PCa compared to healthy. Neither benign nor malignant PCa had significantly lower testosterone levels than healthy PCa (P > 0.05). Both PD-1, PDL-1, and PSA show a remarkably high sensitivity (100%) when used to screen patients for prostate cancer. Finally, there is a negative correlation between PSA and PD-1, PDL-1 parameters. The PD-1, PDL-1, and PSA have been found to play significant roles in the development of prostate cancer and have shown high sensitivity in screening for PCa.

Purpose: type III interferons (IFNλ) are an early line of defense in upper respiratory tract infections, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2). They have a crucial role in the control of the innate immune system and the modulation of immunological responses during the course of acute viral infection and tissue inflammation. The present study was aimed at evaluating the expression of IFNλ genes in Iraqi coronavirus disease (COVID-19)-infected patients. Materials and methods: ninety patients presented with COVID-19 and 50 healthy controls were recruited. Blood samples were obtained from the participants. Haematological and biochemical analyses were performed on the blood samples. IFNλ gene expression was assessed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of all the participants by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results: all COVID-19 patients had elevated relative expression of IFNλ-I, IFNλ-II, and IFNλ-III genes compared to controls, by 1.85 ± 0.25-, 39.9 ± 15.07-, and 4.001 ± 1.23-fold, respectively. According to the severity of the disease (moderate, severe, and critical), the relative expression of each IFN type was likewise elevated. However, the rise did not reach a significant level. On the other hand, there was a significant difference (p < 0.05) in the mean of relative expression between IFN-I, IFN-II, and IFN-III in total and each category of severity. Conclusion: the findings show that IFNλ gene expression was up-regulated in COVID-19 disease and neither age, sex, nor underlying diseases impacted the variations in expressions.

Ulcerative colitis is a persistent and recurrent medical condition for which current treatments have shown limited efficacy, necessitating the exploration of alternative drugs with minimal side effects. This study aimed to examine the anti-oxidative and antiadhesive effects of ezetimibe compared to sulfasalazine in experimentally induced colitis in male rats. A total of 40 adult male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups: a control group (negative control), an acetic acid group (positive control), an acetic acid + sulfasalazine (100 mg/kg/day) group, and an acetic acid + ezetimibe (10 mg/kg/day) group. Colitis was induced in rats by the inter-rectal administration of 2 ml of 4% (v/v) acetic acid. Sulfasalazine and ezetimibe were administered orally for seven days 1 hour after induction. Malondialdehyde (MDA), myeloperoxidase (MPO), e-selectin, and intracellular adhesive molecule 1 (ICAM-1) were measured in tissue homogenate upon euthanizing the animals. The results showed that the treatment with ezetimibe significantly reduced disease activity index (DAI) and macroscopic colonic scores (MAC) compared to the positive control group. Moreover, ezetimibe notably decreased MDA, MPO, e-selectin, and ICAM-1 in tissue homogenates of treated animals compared to the positive control group. In most comparisons, there were no significant differences between ezetimibe and sulfasalazine effects. These findings suggest that ezetimibe may have a therapeutic effect in the management of ulcerative colitis by reducing oxidative stress and adhesive molecules.

Background: HHV-7 infection has been documented to cause CNS complications. The susceptibility to many diseases, including immune dysfunction and cancers, has been linked to SNP in the promoter region of the interleukin-18 (IL-18) gene. Objectives: to explore the rates of both HHV-7 infection and the polymorphisms in the IL-18 -607C/A (rs1946518) promoter region in a group of Iraqi patients with different brain tumors. Patients and methods: one hundred fifteen (115) freshly obtained brain tissue biopsies were enrolled in this study; 85 were from brain cancer cases whereas 30 autopsies were obtained from cases with apparently normal brain tissues as a control group. Conventional PCR was chosen both for the detection of HHV-7 and IL-18 rs1946518 SNP detection as well as sequencing. Results: according to conventional PCR analysis, 34% showed positive results for the HHV-7 genome, while 66% revealed negative results. In various types of brain cancers, HHV-7-PCR detection results were 11.8%, 5.9%, 29.4%, 11.8%, 5.9%, and 11.8% in tissues from patients with Transitional Meningioma, Meningotheliomatous Meningioma, Glioblastoma Multiforme, Diffuse Fibrillary Astrocytoma, Anaplastic Oligodendroglioma, Atypical Meningioma, and Pilocytic Astrocytoma, respectively. The polymorphism distributions according to GG; AA and GA genotypes of IL-18 607C/A (rs1946518) polymorphism were 37.1%; 57.1%, and 5.7%, respectively, in the patients’ group and 66.7% and 33.3%, respectively, in the control group.  Conclusion: the detected rates of HHV-7 as well as IL-18 607C/A (rs1946518) polymorphism have shed light on the possibility that they might have played or contributed a role in the brain tumors’ development.

The role of macrophages in nanomedicine is widely recognized, but systemically administered drug nanocarriers are rapidly absorbed and eliminated by the mononuclear phagocyte system, consisting of resident macrophages, primarily in the liver. As a result, most encapsulated drugs are eliminated from circulation, resulting in unwanted side effects. Peritoneal macrophages, on the contrary, by ingesting nanoparticles and migrating to tumor cells, can promote the antitumor effect. This article describes the preparation of complexes based on upconversion nanoparticles (UCNP) coated with nitrosonium tetrafluoroborate (NOBF4) with a protein corona (PC) from native and denatured bovine serum albumin (BSA and dBSA). The efficiency of UCNP-protein complexes uptake by mouse peritoneal macrophages has been demonstrated. The use of this approach is a promising area of oncology, since instead of inefficient systemic intravenous delivery, peritoneal delivery is used, which can become the key to solving the problem of peritoneal cavity cancers. 

Colloidal solutions of cerium and selenium nanoparticles were synthesized using the laser ablation method in deionized water. The resulting nanoparticle samples had a monomodal size distribution. The studied nanoparticles at a concentration of 1011 NPs/ml inhibit the peroxidase activity of neutrophil myeloperoxidase by approximately 10–15%. At the same time, the average fluorescence intensity of neutrophils, which exhibit both CD11b and CD66b on their surface, increases, which is a sign of degranulation of specific and gelatinase granules, as well as secretory vesicles. The studied particles of cerium and selenium have the ability to initiate secretory degranulation of neutrophils in a dose-dependent manner. After the addition of cerium nanoparticles to neutrophils, an increase in the production of hydrogen peroxide by neutrophils was recorded. At the same time, the assembly of NADPH oxidase was probably activated in neutrophils after they absorbed the nanoparticles. It has been shown that cerium and selenium nanoparticles are capable of initiating the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps. In general, the data obtained suggest that cerium nanoparticles in the considered range of concentrations contribute to a more pronounced activation of neutrophils under in vitro conditions compared to selenium nanoparticles.

Norovirus infection is a leading cause of non-bacterial acute gastroenteritis. This study aimed to analyze the antigenic properties of the VP1 protein of norovirus GII.4 Sydney [P16] circulating in Russia. The analysis was conducted using in silico methods. VP1 amino acid sequence data was used to identify T-helper and T-killer epitopes, linear and conformational B-cell epitopes to assess the conservation of epitopes, and allergenicity of VP1. T cell epitopes with the highest estimated immunogenicity were identified at positions 207-223 and 378-394 in the S- and P-domains of the protein. The tertiary structure of VP1 was modeled, and 2 linear and 47 conformational B-cell epitopes were identified. In addition to the previously described epitopes, a new putative B-cell epitope was identified at position 307-316 of the P2 subdomain. In silico analysis of the primary and tertiary structure of the norovirus VP1 protein showed that it is not allergenic and has various immunogenic epitopes, potentially capable of inducing T- and B-cell immune responses.

Depression is a significant global medico-societal concern. The serotonin system plays a pivotal role in modulating responses to acute stress and is implicated in the development of depressive and anxiety disorders. Recent research has increasingly focused on the potentially beneficial impacts of activating previously less-studied 5-HT4R and 5-HT7R subtypes on cognitive functions in the context of anxiety and depression. Additionally, intercellular adhesion molecules have been associated with the structural remodeling of neurons related to stress and mood disorders, potentially establishing functional connections with serotonin receptors. Furthermore, it is established that the exogenous administration of the neurotrophic factor BDNF can ameliorate the functioning of serotonergic neurons in the brains of rodents. This study aimed to investigate the influence of exogenously administered BDNF on the expression of 5-HT4R, 5-HT7R, and CD44 during a depressive-like state induced by chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) in C57Bl/6 mice. The findings demonstrated that intranasal BDNF administration at a dose of 0.4 μg/kg for seven days sustained normal sucrose preference levels in animals following 21 days of CUMS exposure. While BDNF treatment did not impact the CUMS-induced reduction in mRNA expression of 5-HT4R and 5-HT7R across examined brain regions (cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum), it did prevent the decrease in CD44 and TrkB receptor expression levels in the hippocampus. Additionally, it maintained BDNF expression levels in the cortex, although not in other brain regions. These results suggest that the application of BDNF in CUMS models has an antidepressant effect without directly affecting serotonin receptors, but probably by modulating 5-HT7R-CD44 interactions.

Antisocial behavior (ASB) is a complex phenotype caused by the interaction between genetic and environmental factors. In past decades several genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and their meta-analyses identified up to 500 SNPs linked to externalizing pathology in Western Europeans. However, a question on their relevance to ASB in Eastern Europeans (i.e., Russians) remains open. Therefore, the present study aimed to replicate the effect of SNPs obtained from externalizing behavior GWAS meta-analysis on homicide behavior considering a possible modulating effect of social/lifestyle factors. We have selected top six SNPs (p < 10^–21) from recent GWAS meta-analysis of ASB (Karlsson Linnér et al., 2021) including CADM2 rs993137, ZIC4 rs2279829, REV3L rs458806, XKR6 rs4240671, SORCS3 rs11596214, and BDNF rs6265. Subsequent genotyping was performed in the sample of homicide offenders (N = 227, 7% women) and corresponding control group (N = 254). A series of logistic regression (PLINK v.1.09) confirmed the association of REV3L rs458806 in the total sample (p = 0.044, OR = 1.346), while SORCS3 rs11596214, ZIC4 rs2279829, XKR6 rs4240671 demonstrated their association with criminal behavior in the subgroups including smoking, low-educated offenders, individuals with psychopathologies and conflicts in families. Our findings replicated the effect of REV3L, SORCS3, ZIC4, and XKR6 genetic variants on ASB in the Russian cohort under a moderating impact of social/lifestyle factors. However, the effect of social/lifestyle factors including sex, somatic diseases, and smoking on escalating antisocial behavior exceeded that of examined genetic variants.

The ability to track some structural changes in enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) by observing its fluorescence makes EGFP a convenient object for studying the protein denaturation process and the influence of some factors on denaturation, in particular, the presence of nanoparticles. In this work, we studied the EGFP fluorescence during its de- and renaturation processes, as well as the influence of the addition of iron oxide nanoparticles on EGFP fluorescence and these processes. Kinetic measurements of denaturation revealed some details of this process. During renaturation, we managed to achieve a 60% recovery of EGFP fluorescence compared to the native protein. We also demonstrated significant effects of the presence of iron oxide nanoparticles. Iron nanoparticles approximately doubled the denaturation rate and suppressed protein renaturation.

The Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), located in the northeastern part of Russia, is characterized by an extremely cold climate, to which the indigenous people is adapted. Over the past decades, there has been a significant increase of the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) among the indigenous population. It is known that polymorphisms of the mitochondrial genome, in particular, the 16189C variant of hypervariable segment I (HVS-I), may contribute to the development of T2DM. The aim of the study was to assess the association of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) HVS-I polymorphisms with the type 2 diabetes mellitus in the Sakha (Yakut) population. Sequencing of HVS-I mtDNA in 102 patients with T2DM and 101 non-diabetic controls revealed 67 haplotypes and 64 SNP variants. There was no statistically significant difference in the frequencies of detected HVS-I polymorphisms and haplotypes between the two groups, which indicates the absence of a close association between HVS-I polymorphisms and T2DM in the Sakha population.