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Microarrays are one of the modern technologies for analyzing biological polymers (DNA, RNA, antibodies, etc.). The main advantage of microarrays is the ability to simultaneously analyze a large number of different molecules in one sample. Microarrays are actively used to develop diagnostic tools, including in the analysis of community-acquired pneumonia pathogens. The relevance of studying community-acquired pneumonia is determined by the consistently high incidence, diversity of pathogens and their high genetic variability, as well as the recent spread of a new coronavirus infection. This review describes microarray technologies used to solve fundamental and clinical problems in the study of pathogens of community-acquired pneumonia and some other respiratory infections.

Ovarian cancer remains one of the most common causes of death from gynecological cancer in women world-wide. As is known, the course of ovarian cancer depends on many factors, including genetic and epigenetic disorders. MicroRNAs are currently considered one of the most promising prognostic and diagnostic markers for solid tumors. The purpose of this work was to investigate the DNA methylation level of miR-663a and miR-663b in 25 paired tissue samples from patients with an established diagnosis of ovarian cancer and various histological and clinical characteristics by MS-HRM method. Our results indicate a lower frequency of miR-663a methylation in ovarian tumor tissues (0.09% ± 0.01) compared to histologically normal tissues 0.16% ± 0.01 (p = 0.01). However, an analysis of the miR-663a and miR-663b microRNA gene methylation level in patients with different clinical parameters, including the stage of disease development, the degree of cell differentiation, the occurrence of distant and regional metastases, as well as therapeutic pathomorphosis, not identify statistically significant differences in the methylation levels of these mi-croRNA genes with any of the clinical characteristics, p > 0.05. Thus, our results indicate a potential role of aberrant methylation of the miR-663a microRNA gene in ovarian cancer carcinogenesis. However, additional researches on larger sample sizes are needed to confirm the results obtained.

Relevance: neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a hereditary tumor syndrome occurring with a frequency of 1:3164. NF1 is characterized by severe clinical manifestations with multiple cutaneous and subcutaneous tumors, plexiform neurofibromas, skeletal abnormalities and cognitive disorders. The study of the genetic causes of NF1 can become the basis for prenatal diagnosis and the use of new methods of treating the disease. Materials and methods: clinical and epidemiological study of NF1 patients in the Republic of Bashkortostan, sequencing the NF1 gene in their DNA samples as well as whole genome sequencing using the WGS method. To search for the pathogenic variants we found in publications by other authors, we analyzed the Scopus, WoS, ClinVar, PubMed, and SNP databases. Results: the frequency of occurrence of NF1 in the republic is 1:7407. 23 nonsense pathogenic variants in 21 exons of the NF1 gene were identified in 39 NF1 patients from 26 families. Discussion and conclusion: the frequency of development of the main clinical manifestations of NF1 in patients from the republic corresponds to data from around the world, however, plexiform neurofibromas, optic nerve gliomas, short stature and decreased intelligence were detected significantly less frequently. Of the 23 nonsense pathogenic variants we identified, 16 pathogenic variants were previously described by researchers from various countries, and 7 pathogenic variants: NM_001042492.3:c.55G>T (NP_001035957.1:p.Glu19Ter), NM_001042492.3:c.2806A>T (NP_001035957.1:p.Lys936Ter), NM_001042492.3:c.3284T>A ( NP_001035957.1:p.Leu1095Ter), NM_001042492.3:c.5014G>T ( NP_001035957.1:p.Gly1672Ter), NM_001042492.3:c.5242C>T (NP_001035957.1:p.Arg1748Ter), NM_001042492.3:c.7365T>G (NP_001035957.1:p.Tyr2455Ter) and NM_001042492.3:c.7482G>A (NP_001035957.1:p.Trp2494Ter) have been identified for the first time in the word. Patients with nonsense pathogenic variants have significantly higher rates of brain tumors and epilepsy compared to all NF1 patients in the republic.

There is currently a significant lack of information on genetic diversity Mycoplasma hominis, associated with urogenital tract infections in the world. Extended survey multilocus sequence typing and phylogenetic analysis of nucleotide se- quences of the genome of Mycoplasma hominis clinical isolates isolated in the Nizhny Novgorod region was conducted using NGS technology. Molecular profiling based on MLST sequence typing of housekeeping genes (ST-type) (gyrB, tuf, ftsY, uvrA, gap) and MVLST virulence genes (VT-type) (p120', vaa, lmp1, lmp3, p60) was defined with using the server https://pubmlst.org. Extended eMLST typing of Russian Mycoplasma hominis isolates was conducted for the first time. 78 new allelic variants of genes uvrA, gyrB, ftsY, tuf, gap, p120′, vaa, lmp1, lmp3, p60 Mycoplasma hominis isolates were deposited in the PubMLST database. Based on phylogenetic analysis, a high degree of genetic diversity of mycoplasma isolates has been established, the first ones are identified and deposited into the database PubMLST new previously undescribed ten sequence (ST) and ten pathotypes (VT) of Mycoplasma hominis Russian isolates.

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a bacterium distributed worldwide and common in developing countries. In addition to its gastric manifestation, it has a potential role in the development of non-digestive tract disorders like cardiovascular diseases including dyslipidemia, diabetes, obesity, hypertension, chronic kidney disease, and liver disease. It is unclear whether diabetics are more liable for H. pylori infection or whether H. pylori infection raises the risk of diabetes. This study aims to evaluate the glycemic measures in patients having gastritis with and without H. pylori. A community-based cohort study was carried out on patients diagnosed with gastritis by gastroscopy examination. Our sample was divided into H. P-positive group (150 female & 155 male) and H. P-negative group (175 female & 68 male). Diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection was done by 13C urea breath test. A control group (60 female and 60 male) that had neither gastritis nor H.P infection were included in this study. Laboratory investigations were performed after a 10 h fast, including fasting blood glucose (mg/dl), fasting serum insulin (IU/ml), HbA1c and 2h postprandial plasma glucose. HOMA-IR index was used to study the relation between Helicobacter pylori and insulin resistance. Helicobacter pylori infection was significantly associated (p < 0.05) with glycemic measures in patients with gastritis. In gastritis with and without Helicobacter pylori, glycemic measures were significantly (p < 0.05) increased in females. It can be concluded that by causing insulin resistance, H. pylori contributes to diabetes and may be magnified to promote long-term diabetes.

The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is an oncogenic virus that persists in a latent state within B-lymphocyte cells. This virus has been associated with numerous forms of haematologic malignancies, including leukaemia. The focus has been on the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), such as those in Interleukin-10, and leukaemia patients. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was employed to identify Epstein-Barr virus EBNA-1-IgG, whereas the Sanger sequencing approach was utilised to detect Interleukin-10 SNPs. This study aimed to ascertain the presence of Epstein-Barr virus EBNA-1-IgG in patients with acute lymphocytic leukaemia and to investigate Interleukin-10 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) -819T˃C (rs1800871) and -592A˃C (rs1800872) in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. The statistical examination of the immunological assay indicated no significant difference between the proportion of patients positive for EBV EBNA-1-IgG and the positive controls. The statistical analysis reveals a substantial disparity in the proportion of CC genotype carriers at IL10 -819T˃C (rs1800871) between patients and controls within the molecular study framework. A notable difference was seen in the prevalence of TC genotype carriers at IL10 -819T˃C (rs1800871) between patients and controls. A significant difference was observed between healthy controls and patients with AC, AA, and CC genotype carriers at IL10 -592A>C (rs1800872). This study illustrates the notable prevalence of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in individuals with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. This study demonstrates the association between acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and the CC and TC genotypes at IL10-819T˃C (rs1800871), along with the AC, CC, and AA genotypes at IL10 -592A˃C (rs1800872).

Urinary bladder cancer (UBC) is the most common malignancy of urinary tract, ranking tenth worldwide. In Iraq, UBC is the seventh among 10 most prevalent cancers. This study is designed to assess the expression of CD276 in different bladder tissue specimens from Iraqi UBC patients using immunohistochemistry (IHC). A total of 70 paraffin-embedded tissue blocks of bladder cancer were collected from the archive of the Histopathology Unit of several public hospitals and private labs in Baghdad, following formal authorizations, in addition to ten biopsies of bladder tissues without significant pathology assembled from the forensic medicine department and used for comparison purposes. The results showed that the expression of CD276 was positive in 41.43% of malignant cases and negative in 100% of normal bladder tissues with significant differences of P = 0.011 between the studied groups. It can be concluded that the present investigation reported elevated expression of CD276 in Iraqi UBC patients, correlated negatively with clinical features including patients′ age, sex, tumor′s size, stage, grade, and histological type. This suggests that this marker may be considered a target molecule in diagnosis or therapy of UBC.