Issue 1 | March 2026
The prevalence of chronic gastritis (CG) in the population is extremely high (50–80% among the adult population) and correlates with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection. CG is a multifactorial process influenced by both environmental and genetic factors. In gastritis (especially associated with H. pylori), immune cells (macrophages, neutrophils) actively produce matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). MMPs degrade the basement membrane of the gastric epithelium, disruption of its integrity and deepening of damage. The aim of this study is to analyze the association of polymorphic variants of the matrix metalloproteinase genes MMP9 (rs17576, 836A>G) and MMP12 (rs652438, 1070A> G) with the risk of developing chronic gastritis in individuals living in the Republic of Bashkortostan. Material and methods. DNA samples from 154 patients with gastritis and DNA samples from 122 individuals in the control group aged 18-50 years living in the Republic of Bashkortostan were used as research material. Genotyping was performed using the real-time PCR method. Results. In males, the G allele of the rs17576 polymorphic variant of the MMP9 gene was found to be a marker of an increased risk of developing CG. Association analysis of the rs652438 polymorphic variant of the MMP12 gene with the development of CG revealed no statistically significant differences between the compared groups of patients and controls. Conclusion. The obtained data allow for a deeper study of the mechanisms and molecular basis of CG pathogenesis, as well as the identification of important molecular genetic markers of the risk of developing this disease.
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Periodic changes of intracellular mediators concentration play a key role in the functioning of both electrically excitable and non-excitable cells. In particular, fluctuations in calcium and nitric oxide in microvascular cells are important for their functioning, and changes in these mediators are associated with pathological conditions. However, the characteristics of calcium and nitric oxide fluctuation synchronization in non-excitable cells have been little studied. The main reason for this is the lack of an adequate research method. In this study, we successfully adapted the method of polyspectral analysis for the quantitative assessment of the synchronization of calcium and NO oscillations in non-excitable cells using microvascular cells as an example. The polyspectral analysis method allows us to accurately assess the proportion of cells with synchronized calcium and NO oscillations, the strength of synchronization, the direction of transmission of the synchronizing frequency from cell to cell, and which mediators are involved in the transmission of this frequency. In addition, stress factors (heating, excess glucose) alter the number of synchronized cells, the distribution of synchronized oscillations by frequency and amplitude, and the direction of transmission of the synchronizing frequency from cell to cell. We believe that the data obtained can be used in personalised medicine and other fields.
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The development of photopolymer 3D printing materials for biomedical applications requires the creation of a new class of polymer resins, that combine high strength, antibacterial activity, and low toxicity against eukaryotic cells. In this paper, a new material for 3D printing based on polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and tellurium nanoparticles (NPs) was developed. NPs Te were synthesized by laser ablation in water, transferred in acetone, and then included in a MMA solution. NPs concentrations Te were 0.001, 0.01, and 0.1% by volume. The introduction of Te NPs did not alter the energy required for polymerization or the mechanical properties of the finished polymer; however, it increased the degree of final polymerization as indicated by FTIR data. Additionally, it added significant bacteriostatic properties without increasing toxicity against eukaryotic cells. The mechanism of antibacterial action can be mediated through the induction of oxidative stress in bacteria (increased generation of 8-oxoGua and long-lived reactive forms of proteins in aqueous solutions). The severity of the antibacterial action is determined by the dose of the introduced NPs Te.
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Connective tissue dysplasia (CTD) is associated with complex metabolic changes, including the metabolism of amino acids. However, the currently available data are contradictory. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the levels of amino acids in the urine of children with undifferentiated (uCTD). The present research involved 524 children who were included in the control group and 1266 children with uCTD syndrome who were included in the experimental group. The levels of amino acids in urine were assessed using GC-MS Agilent GC 7820/MSD 5975. The statistical analysis was performed using SPSS program, version 22. The results of the study by means of chromatography-mass spectrometry of the amino acid composition of urine in children with undifferentiated connective tissue dysplasia syndrome living in permafrost conditions of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) are presented in this paper. The analysis of amino acids in urine enables to evaluate their qualitative and quantitative composition, to obtain information about the existing imbalance, which may indicate nutritional and metabolic disorders underlying a large number of diseases, including disorders associated with connective tissue.
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Acute limb ischemia (ALI) is characterized by a sudden reduction in arterial blood flow and may result in gangrene, systemic complications, and death. Urgent revascularization can be limb- and life-saving; however, it is associated with a risk of early postoperative complications. Both perioperative and intraoperative risk factors contribute to these outcomes and are influenced by the selected method of revascularization. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of intraoperative risk factors on postoperative outcomes according to the chosen treatment modality for acute limb ischemia, namely open or endovascular revascularization. Patients with Rutherford class II ALI from a single population were divided into two groups comparable in clinical and demographic characteristics: Group I – open surgical treatment (n = 50) and Group II – endovascular revascularization (n = 50). The influence of identified intraoperative risk factors on the development of complications differed between the two revascularization approaches. An operative time exceeding 85 minutes in the open surgery group (2.73) and exceeding 92 minutes in the endovascular group (1.52) was associated with an increased risk of adverse postoperative outcomes. The urgent nature of the procedure was also an independent predictor of adverse events in both groups, with ORs of 12.11 and 9.13 for Groups I and II, respectively. Outcomes of ALI treatment and the early postoperative course in the overall population depend on the selection of the revascularization method in accordance with each patient’s individual perioperative risk profile. Comparison of endovascular and open approaches demonstrated differences in outcomes favoring endovascular revascularization only in a specific subgroup of patients with a less severe functional class of limb ischemia.
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Acute limb ischemia (ALI) during the acute phase of coronavirus infection - an urgent complication, associated with a high rate of adverse events. Antithrombotic therapy remains the cornerstone of prevention and treatment of thrombotic complications in patients with COVID-19. The aim of study was to evaluate the effectiveness of combined outpatient antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapy compared with antiplatelet monotherapy during the 12-month postoperative period after arterial revascularization in the acute phase of coronavirus infection. Materials and Methods: The study included 257 patients. Group I (control; n = 100) comprised patients without a history of COVID-19, while Group II (study; n = 157) included patients with laboratory-confirmed acute coronavirus infection. Patients in Group I received an antiplatelet agent (aspirin 100 mg once daily). Patients in Group II were prescribed outpatient combination therapy after revascularization: an antiplatelet agent (aspirin 100 mg once daily) and an anticoagulant (rivaroxaban 10 mg once daily for 30–45 days, followed by 2.5 mg twice daily). The results demonstrated a significant reduction in the rates of limb amputation and recurrence of ALI among Group II patients with a history of COVID-19 who received combination therapy with rivaroxaban and aspirin, consistent with findings from the COMPASS study. SF-36 scores improved significantly, approaching the quality-of-life levels observed in patients without a history of COVID-19. Conclusion: The findings support the feasibility of routine use of combined antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapy in the outpatient setting for up to one year after revascularization for ALI in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic.
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The Role of Retroelements in the Formation of CNV in the Human Genome in the Development of Diseases
Copy number variations (CNVs) are involved in eukaryotic genomes evolution. CNVs also the causes of multifactorial and monogenic diseases. Retroelements can be causes of CNVs emergence and evolution. Retroelements occupy 42.5% of the human genome and are located mainly in intergenic, intronic and regulatory regions. The mechanisms of CNVs formation are due to non-allelic homologous recombination between retroelements due to their distribution across all chromosomes and the presence of homologous sequences. Role of recombinations between retroelements as causes of neurofibromatosis type 1, Cowden syndrome, Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, Langer-Gideon syndrome, Fanconi anemia, amelogenesis imperfecta, and spastic paraplegia type 4 and other monogenic diseases is described. Mechanisms of CNVs formation using retroelements suggest the role for retroelements as causes of trinucleotide repeat expansion diseases. The influence of LINE1 in Huntington's chorea caused by CAG expansion is described. In fragile X syndrome, CGG expansion occurs in the FMR1 gene, which homologue in Drosophila is involved in retroelements inhibition. In humans, CGG-binding protein influence on Alu and LINE1 described. Role for Alu in GAA expansion identified in Friedreich's ataxia. These relationships suggest the possible retroelements role in triplet code development during the origin of life. At the human population level, the underlying mechanisms of evolution through the influence of retroelements are the cause of numerous diseases. However, in the wild, the same mechanisms serve as substrates for the natural selection of more adaptive traits and eukaryotes evolution.
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Cryopreservation significantly impacts sperm integrity, reducing their fertility potential. These processes are largely dependent on increased oxidative stress. Low-level laser irradiation (LLLI) can increase energy delivery to cells and reduce reactive oxygen species (ROS). Our goal was to analyze the effects of LLLI on metabolic, oxidative and antioxidant parameters in cryopreserved bovine spermatozoa and the possible mechanisms of its action. We analyzed 50 samples of bull semen, dividing them into two groups: a control group without laser irradiation and a group exposed to laser irradiation. We also analyzed the effects of LLLI in combination with the adenylatecyclase stimulator - forskolin, the Ca2+ channel blocker - verapamil and the protein kinase C inhibitor - staurosporine. Irradiation was performed in petri dishes of 30 mm containing 3 ml of sperm at a wavelength of 650 nm. Cryopreservation was found to increase lipid peroxidation and decrease metabolism which was accompanied by a decrease in sperm motility and viability of sperm. ATP concentrations was increased while sperm motility and MDA concentrations were decreased during cryopreservation with LLLI. The effects of LLLI varied depending on the added substances. A combination of LLLI and forskolin demonstrated increased motility and metabolic activity compared to LLLI alone. The effects of LLLI were significantly weakened by staurosporine. The Ca2+ channel blocker - verapamil partially inhibited the effects of LLLI. Thus, lipid peroxidation was reduced and ATP concentration and sperm motility were increased during cryopreservation under LLLI. These properties of LLLI are associated with cell signaling pathways.
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Gamma-wave stimulation represents one of the most promising non-pharmacological approaches for enhancing cognitive function, which declines with aging and in neurodegenerative diseases. The aim of the present study was to identify optimal protocols for maximizing the effectiveness of gamma-wave stimulation. We investigated the effects of various combinations of physical and cognitive loads during visual gamma-wave stimulation at a frequency of 40 Hz using light of different wavelengths on the amplitude of gamma rhythms in the human brain. The effects were evaluated both at the level of individual EEG leads and across global brain electrical activity. The strongest response to visual gamma stimulation was observed in the occipital region. This effect exhibited a cumulative component, reflected by an increase in baseline activity at the stimulation frequency. The cumulative effect was most pronounced in the occipital and temporal regions. The magnitude of the gamma-stimulation response depended on the wavelength of the light stimulus and increased in the order of white, pink, and red. The most robust effect was observed with red-light stimulation combined with physical exercise. The influence of cognitive load was more prominent in the frontal and parietal regions of the brain.
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Oral immunoglobulin preparations are a promising therapeutic approach for inflammatory bowel diseases. During enteral administration, antibodies inevitably encounter low pH conditions in the stomach, which can alter their conformation and functions. Understanding how acidic exposure influences the activity of therapeutic immunoglobulins is essential for improving their stability and clinical efficacy. In this study, a human plasma-derived immunoglobulin preparation containing IgG, IgA, and IgM was exposed to mildly and strongly acidic buffers. The treated samples were analyzed using dynamic light scattering to assess structural stability, enzyme-linked immuno-sorbent assay and Western blotting to evaluate antigen-binding specificity, and flow cytometry and confocal microscopy to study neutrophil functions. Acidic treatment did not induce aggregation or major structural destabilization but caused marked functional changes. Exposure to low pH in-creased the polyreactivity of IgG and IgA toward bacterial and viral antigens, while IgM lost its binding specificity. Acid-modified immunoglobulins enhanced bacterial recognition by neutrophils without affecting phagocytosis or oxidative activity but promoted the release of extracellular DNA structures, a hallmark of neutrophil activation. These findings indicate that short-term acidic expo-sure modifies antibody specificity and immune function without compromising structural integrity. Such effects may be relevant for optimizing therapeutic formulations and understanding antibody behavior in acidic mucosal environments.
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Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a multifactorial endocrine disorder with significant genetic components. Vitamin D binding protein (VDBP) regulates vitamin D bioavailability, and its gene polymorphisms may influence PCOS susceptibility. This study investigated the correlation of VDBP SNPs rs4588 and rs7041 with the risk of developing PCOS in Iraqi women. A case-control study involving 60 PCOS patients and 30 healthy controls was conducted. Serum vitamin D and VDBP levels were measured, and VDBP SNPs (rs4588, rs7041) were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The results showed that the levels of VDBP were significantly lower in individuals with PCOS compared to healthy individuals, with a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05). The frequencies of A and G alleles were 0.46 and 0.54 in PCOS while 0.47 and 0.53 in the control, respectively. The homozygous GG genotype and the heterozygous AG genotype were not statistically significant in PCOS patients compared to the controls. Furthermore, the frequencies of the A and C alleles for the rs7041 SNP were 0.47 and 0.53 in PCOS, respectively, while they were 0.42 and 0.58 in the control group. When compared to the control group, PCOS patients' homozygous AA and heterozygous AC genotypes showed statistically significant differences (p < 0.05). Conversely, there are no appreciable variations in the prevalence of homozygous CC genotypes between PCOS patients and controls. The findings of the study revealed that the rs7041 polymorphisms in the VDBP gene may contribute to increasing the risk of PCOS.
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Recent years have seen a significant interest in Ginkgo biloba extract as a treatment for various chronic diseases. The study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic effect of Ginkgo biloba extract on rats with induced osteoporosis, as measured by relevant biochemical indicators. A histopathological study was conducted to compare the results with those of the osteoporotic group. This study involves 40 male rats, divided into five equal experimental groups (eight rats per group). The first group represents the control group. Osteoporosis was induced in the remaining four groups, which received orally 10 mg/kg body weight of glucocorticoid three times a week for four weeks. Following the induction of osteoporosis, treatment was initiated for 30 days with bisphosphonates for group 3 and extract of Ginkgo biloba orally for groups 4 and 5 at different doses. Following treatment, rats were anesthetized, and blood samples were collected by heart puncture. Colorimetric methods and the ELISA technique were employed to determine the levels of calcium, calcitonin, and estrogen. The animals were euthanized by cervical dislocation under ethical guidelines, and the femur bone was taken for a histopathology study. Results showed increased levels of calcium, calcitonin, and estrogen (1.3761 ± 0.1526 mmol. /L, 56.45 ± 5.08 pg/ml, and 33.637 ± 1.56 ng/ml), respectively, following treatment with Ginkgo biloba extract (56 mg/kg). Histopathological analysis demonstrated decreased bone integrity in the osteoporotic group and increased it following treatment with Ginkgo biloba extract. In conclusion, a key finding of this study is the improvement in both biomechanical and histological bone indices in an osteoporotic rat model after treatment with the extract of Ginkgo biloba compared to bisphosphonate treatment.
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Resveratrol is a phytoalexin naturally produced by several plants in response to injury or pathogenic attack, such as bacterial or fungal infections. In this study, approximately 0.5 kg of fresh black grape skin cultivated in Iraq was macerated in 80% ethanol for three days. Hydrolysis was performed using 10% HCl at 60 °C, followed by filtration. The filtrate was then extracted with chloroform. The organic layer was evaporated to dryness, and the residue was subjected to further purification using silica gel G60 in an open column with a mobile phase consisting of benzene:methanol:acetic acid (20:4:1). Final purification was carried out using preparative layer chromatography (PLC). The resulting pure resveratrol (Res) was dried and stored in a cool, dark place for further analysis using UV absorption, TLC, HPLC, and FTIR spectroscopy. Five groups of albino mice (n = 5 per group) were used in the study. Four groups were rendered hyperglycemic by administration of alloxan. The animals were then treated intraperitoneally for two weeks as follows: Group 2 received Res at a dose of 5 mg/day; Group 3 received Res at 0.25 mg/day; Group 4 received glibenclamide at 600 µg/kg/day; Group 1 consisted of normal non-diabetic animals, and Group 5 represented untreated diabetic controls. The effects of resveratrol on liver function were evaluated by measuring blood glucose levels, serum malondialdehyde (MDA), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) as indicators of antioxidant activity. Additionally, in vitro kinetic assays were conducted to determine serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST/SGOT) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT/SGPT).
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This study aims to investigate the histopathological changes in the placental tissue of women who have experienced spontaneous miscarriage using a scoring system, as well as the physiological changes in the serum of these women. The focus is on those who do not have any chronic diseases, thyroid issues, blood clotting disorders, or blood group incompatibility. Samples are analyzed for TORCH (toxoplasmosis, rubella, cytomegalovirus, and herpes simplex virus). Samples that test positive for these infections are excluded from the study. Additionally, cases of ectopic pregnancy, septic abortion, and blighted ovum abortion are also excluded. Materials and methods: The study involved 30 patients who experienced spontaneous miscarriages. These participants were divided into two groups according to the duration of their pregnancies. Placental tissue samples from those women were processed, stained, and examined for histopathological changes. Moreover, physiological exams were performed to measure levels of prolactin and estrogen in these women as well. Results: The study identified significant differences in histopathological changes (intervillous fibrinoid deposition, perivillous fibrinoid deposition, inflammatory infiltrate, hemorrhage, increased angiogenesis, and hydropic change) in placenta tissue between groups G1 and G2, with more prevalent changes observed in G1. On the other hand, there is no significant difference between prolactin and estrogen hormones in G1 and G2. Conclusion: There was a relationship between increased histopathological changes in very early spontaneous miscarriages and the increase in maternal age. While there is no difference in prolactin and estrogen levels.
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The hydroperoxyl radical (•OOH), a reactive oxygen species (ROS), plays a critical role in regulating physiological processes. Its involvement in cellular redox pathways and association with pathological processes make it a key molecule for understanding how excessive free radicals modulate cellular metabolism. This study investigated the effects of exogenous •OOH on the redox metabolism of mononuclear cells during phagocytosis. Rat-derived mononuclear cells were treated with different concentrations of •OOH (generated via spark-discharge non-coherent radiation), and phagocytosis was induced using latex particles. The effect of •OOH on cell membrane integrity was assessed by trypan-blue-staining, while redox metabolites were quantified by spectrofluorimetry and spectrophotometry at 1-, 30-, and 60-minutes post-phagocytosis induction. In unexposed cells, free FAD and NADH levels increased during phagocytosis, tryptophan-containing proteins remained stable, and glycation end-products (AGEs) rose significantly by 60 minutes post-phagocytosis induction. •OOH at concentrations of (3.6 ± 0.9) × 10⁻⁵ and (1.8 ± 0.45) × 10⁻⁴ mol/L did not alter redox metabolism. However, exposure to higher concentrations ((5.4 ± 1.35) × 10⁻⁴ mol/L) induced significant cytotoxic effects. At the metabolic level, this dose triggered a marked redox imbalance, evidenced by a 1.4-fold increase in FAD, altered coenzyme ratios (NADH/FAD and NADH/NAD), and a significant decrease in tryptophan-related protein fluorescence, indicating extensive macromolecular damage. All •OOH concentrations tested suppressed the formation of AGEs 60 minutes after phagocytosis induction. We propose that this inhibition is not due to a protective effect, but to fragmentation of the protein backbone or modifications in the side chains induced by radicals.
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Background: Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) often struggle with movement coordination and social interaction. Yoga practices have shown potential in easing behavioural and sensory issues, but their long-term effects on motor skills and autism symptoms remain unclear. This study explored whether extended yoga sessions could improve neuromuscular function (NMF) and autism severity (AS) in children with ASD. Methods: Sixty children aged 5–15 years with ASD were randomly assigned to a Yoga Group (YG, n = 30) or Control Group (CG, n = 30). The YG participated in structured yoga sessions for 60 minutes daily, five days a week, over a six-month period. NMF was assessed using auditory reaction time (ART), visual reaction time (VRT), and postural stability (PS). AS was evaluated using the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) and Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS). Assessments were carried out at baseline then 3 months, and 6 months. Results: By six months, the YG showed significant improvement in ART (450 ± 10 m.s.), VRT (500 ± 12 m.s.), and PS (1.6 ± 0.5) compared to the CG (p < 0.001). The CARS score in YG reduced to 28.9 ± 4.5 versus 35.7 ± 5.3 in CG. ADOS communication and social interaction scores also improved significantly in YG (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Long-term yoga sessions enhanced motor responses and reduced autism-related symptoms, indicating potential as a supportive therapy for ASD.
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