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The transition of the ion channel between the open and closed states is traditionally considered random. Current experimental data indicated the presence of oscillatory modes of regulation of open/closed states, and possible connections between these modes. The canonical methods Fourier or wavelet transforms, fractal analysis and mathematical modelling can evaluate open/closed states oscillatory modes, but cannot describe their relationship to each other. We first applied the method of bispectral analysis to solve this problem. The well-described potassium channels potential-dependent Kv, calcium-dependent KCa and the modelled potassium channel KcsA were studied. The relationship between fluctuations open/closed lifetimes at frequencies ~0.1, ~1 and ~10 Hz was shown. These frequencies correspond to rhythmic processes in cardiovascular and nervous systems functioning, including those regulated by potassium channels. The normalised integrated bispectrum index was chosen to quantitatively evaluate the interrelation of ion channel opening/closing states. The normalised bispectrum index notable increased upon alteration of the membrane potential from 0 to 20 mV. The obtained data expand our understanding of ion channel functioning principles and can be used in the search for new approaches to the pathological states (channelopathies) therapy.

This work is devoted to the study of mRNA expression patterns and the relative content of selenoproteins in mice with TAA-induced liver fibrosis and TAA-induced HCC. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the activation or suppression of selenoprotein synthesis during HCC progression and directly in the tumor in one TAA-treated mouse model, which is a pilot study and allows us to closely approximate the situation observed during HCC progression in vivo. It was found that as HCC progresses, there is an increase in the mRNA expression of thioredoxin reductases TXNRD1 and TXNRD2, deiodinase DIO3, glutathione peroxidases GPX1, GPX2, GPX4, and an inverse correlation in the expression of mRNA was characteristic of GPX3. In addition, the mRNA expression of endoplasmic reticulum resident selenoproteins: SELENOM, SELENON, SELENOT and SELENOS changed significantly. Also, in tumor liver samples and directly in the tumor itself, an increase in the expression of the selenoprotein SELENOP was recorded. The information obtained from the results of this work will significantly complement the existing data on the role of mammalian selenoproteins in various liver pathologies and in oncogenesis in general.

The aim: determination of correlation dependence of adaptogenic defense reactions in rats in the acute phase of pain stress on laser-puncture exposure to low-intensity IR radiation. Material and methods. Four groups of rats were used in the work: "experimental", which received after the injury a 10-day course of PPBM, and three comparison groups ("intact", "no exposure" and "placebo"). The intensity of lipid peroxidation, specific activity of antioxidant enzymes, protein concentration, malonic dialdehyde content in blood plasma and erythrocytes were determined by spectrophotometric method. Microcirculation indices were evaluated according to the previous series of our studies. Emotional and behavioral reactions were studied in the "open field" test. Results. Normalization of metabolic, microcirculatory and behavioral indices was registered in the experimental group. The correlation coefficients between the microcirculation index and the data of behavioral activity under pain stress were significantly less than the correlation coefficients between oxidative stress and cognitive functions, which confirms the determining role of oxidative metabolism disturbance in the formation of cognitive disorders. Conclusion: the registered adaptation and stress-limiting effect of PPBM in conditions of experimental pain stress allows us to recommend the technology of laser acupuncture for use in complex rehabilitation of patients with pain syndrome.

The paper presents an analysis of literature data on the characteristics of microbiocenoses across a wide range of infectious and somatic pathologies, as well as the results of our research on changes in the composition of the gastrointestinal tract microbiota in patients with various diseases. It is demonstrated that the microbiota responds consistently to any pathological changes occurring in the host organism, primarily manifested as a disruption in the balance between anaerobic (bifidobacteria, lactobacilli, bacteroids, clostridia, etc.) and aerobic components of the microbiocenosis. The predominance or suppression of specific types of microorganisms is primarily influenced by the composition of the individual's indigenous microbiota, rather than the specific pathology associated with dysbiosis.

In the present study, we investigated the effect of α1-adrenergic receptor stimulation on the electrical activity of the right atrium cardiomyocytes with imposed rhythm in rats of different ages using methoxamine and methoxamine against the background of selective blockade of phospholipase C inhibitor (U-73122). Methoxamine increased the duration of the repolarization phase of the action potential. However, there were no changes in the other electrophysiological parameters studied. U-73122 markedly blocked all effects of α1-adrenoreceptor stimulation on the parameters of the electrical activity of working cardiomyocytes in 7-, 21-, and 100-day-old rats.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a species of pathogenic bacteria in the Mycobacteriaceae family, is the infectious agent that causes tuberculosis (TB), one of the most progressive bacterial pathogens in human history. The pathogen is the first cause of mortality linked to a single pathogen worldwide, especially in poor and developing countries. There are two clinical manifestations of disease caused by this bacterium: pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) and extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB). A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the human caspase recruitment domain-containing protein 8 (CARD8) gene of TB infection plays a critical role in the disease progression. Combining this SNP with the CARD8 polymorphism increased the effect, indicating a new link between the CARD8 gene and TB infection. The present study was conducted to determine the association between the polymorphism of the CARD8 gene and EPTB infection in humans. The study included patients (males and females) infected with PTB (n = 50), and EPTB (n = 50), as well as 50 healthy individuals as a control group. Blood samples were collected from all the participants and used to isolate DNA. Using a self-designed nested tetra-primer amplification refractory mutation system-polymerase chain reaction (T-ARMS PCR) assay, the genotypes in CARD8 A/T SNPs were identified. The results showed that there were no significant differences between the types of patients themselves and no significant differences between patients and healthy individuals in the results of ARMS-PCR. The findings of the present study revealed a correlation between patients with EPTB and polymorphisms in CARD8 (rs2043211).

Background: the nucleus pulposus NP pulls on the ruptured annulus fibrosus AF, bulging the intervertebral disc IVD and releasing chemicals that may irritate nerves and cause inflammation and pain. This produces histological changes to the IVD, including less gelatinous NP, cracks and fissures, decreased matrix water content, and proteoglycan composition changes. Aim of study: this study aims to investigate the histopathological changes in the Herniated Disc HD tissue, as well as cartilage histopathology grade and stage assessment. Materials and methods: fourty tissue samples of lumbar HD obtained after the operations were kept in 10% formalin. Then all HD sections were processed, and embedded, after that, 5 μm thick glass mounted sections were stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin and Alcian blue (pH 0.02) and examined microscopically for histopathological changes and grading scoring was also conducted based on cell density, structural alterations of collagen fibers, and proteoglycan degeneration. Results: hemorrhage with fibrin deposition, mucous degeneration around chondrocyte clones and degeneration, increased chondrocyte density, expanded lacunae with degenerated chondrocytes, fiber disorientation, cleft formation, mucoid matrix changes, and inflammatory cell infiltration with fibrocyte prefiltration were the most histopathological changes in HD samples. Along with necrotic chondrocyte increase and tissue fiber alterations. Histological cell density grade indicated different-sized clones. All HD tissues revealed collagen fiber structural alterations, with gradients (52.5%) being most common. All HD samples showed mucous (proteoglycans) degradation, especially in gradients abundantly present and intermediate between 1 and 3 (45% and 42.5%). Conclusions: histopathological changes in intervertebral disc associated with HD infection.