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The study of the severity and consequences of infectious diseases is a relevant subject of research throughout the world, which was directly demonstrated by the situation with the 2020-2023 coronavirus pandemic. In our study, we analyzed a distribution of genotypes and alleles frequency of polymorphic variants of the IL6 rs1800795, TNFA rs1800629 and LZTFL1 rs10490770 gene polymorphisms, which were previously linked to the pathogenesis of COVID-19, in populations of Burzyan Bashkirs, Sterlibashevsky Bashkirs, Permsky Bashkirs, Kazan Tatars, Chuvash, Udmurts, Mari, Komi and Mordvins. Statistically significant differences were identified in the IL6 rs1800795 between the populations of the Burzyan Bashkirs and the Mari and Komi (p < 0.05). The Sterlibashevsky Bashkirs, Permsky Bashkirs and Udmurts also statistically significantly differed from the Komi population (p < 0.05). When studying the TNFA rs1800629, statistically significant differences were identified between the populations of Sterlibashevsky and Permsky Bashkirs and the Udmurts population (p < 0.05). Analysis of the LZTFL1 rs10490770 revealed statistically significant differences only between the Udmurt and Mari populations (p < 0.05). The data indicate that despite the geographic proximity of the examined populations of the Volga-Ural region, they were able to preserve the uniqueness of their gene pool.

A hypothesis is proposed about the role of evolutionary relationship of retroelements with transfer RNAs (tRNAs) on their processing to form small non-coding RNAs. This is evidenced by the use of tRNA as primers for reverse transcriptase, origin of SINE2 from tRNA, use of LINE1 enzymes by tRNA for pseudogenes formation. Under the influence of RISC enzymes, tRFs are formed from tRNA, that control gene expression at the epigenetic level. Non-coding RNAs formed from transcripts of retroelements are characterized by similar properties. An assumption has been made about the functioning of a species-specific epigenetic network between such non-coding RNAs formed from retroelements and tRNAs. Decoding such a network may open up the possibility of creating new epigenetic agents for the treatment of human diseases, and will also allow us to determine mechanisms of genetic code emergence in evolution. One of the bases for this network formation may be the distribution and composition of tRNAs and retroelements in the genome. I have provided data on this network mechanisms formation, describing the similar functional properties of tRNAs and retroelements, their influence on the same targets and pathways in the human organism. I suppose that the relationship between tRNAs and retroelements arose as an integral property of living things when life arose in RNA world, where tRNAs were originally used to perform many regulatory catalytic functions, one of which was later transformed into the transfer of amino acids for protein synthesis.

Background: previous studies have implicated the INSIG2 rs6726538 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) as a potential risk factor for cervical cancer. Our objective was to examine the correlation between this genetic variation and the vulnerability of Iraqi women to cervical cancer. Methods: this case-control study analyzed rs6726538 genotypes and allele frequencies in 109 cervical cancer cases and 109 healthy controls. Logistic regression calculated odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). The rs6726538 SNP was genotyped using tetra-primer ARMS-PCR. Results: the AT genotype occurred more frequently in cases than controls (52.2% vs 34%, OR 0.783, 95% CI 0.38-1.25, p = 0.0391). The TT genotype was less common but showed a non-significant decreased cancer risk versus AA (OR 0.336, 95% CI 0.17-0.96, p = 0.0707). The T allele was significantly higher in cases (36.3% vs 20.6% in controls, p = 0.0023), while the A allele was higher in controls (79.4% vs 63.7% in cases, p = 0.05). Conclusion: this preliminary data indicates that the rs6726538 T allele and TT genotype may be associated with increased cervical cancer risk, while the A allele and AA genotype could have a protective effect. However, larger studies are required to validate these initial findings on how this SNP may impact cervical cancer susceptibility.

Discovering alternate methods to treat cancer has been the focus of several investigations. The preventive benefits of β-glucan against liver damage, toxicity, and alteration in antinuclear antibody (ANA), alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), and anti-double strand DNA antibody (anti-dsDNA) caused by Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) are investigated in this study. A total of 40 mice weighing between 20-25 g, were divided randomly into four groups: the control group, the β-glucan group (200 mg/kg bw/day for two weeks), the EAC group, and the EAC+β-glucan group. The most recent research demonstrated that EAC damaged the liver and increased serum levels of AFP, anti-dsDNA, alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). However, compared to the control, serum total proteins and albumin levels considerably decreased. EAC therapy with β-glucan enhanced liver structure and function. As a result, it is possible that suggests that β-glucan can help prevent and treat liver toxicity.