The focus of this review is on evaluating the contribution of various regulatory mechanisms of calcium metabolism to the execution of key microglial functions such as patrolling, migration, proliferation, polarization, as well as mitochondrial plasticity and inflammasome assembly. We address current issues on the regulation of calcium homeostasis in microglial cells and microglia-like cells (MLCs). A concise historical overview of microglia and MLCs is provided, followed by an analysis of their functioning in both normal and pathological conditions. We refer to the functional classification of various calcium channels and transporters expressed in the plasma membrane and endoplasmic reticulum of microglia along with elucidation of the mechanisms leading to elevated cytosolic Ca2+ concentrations in microglial cell upon their activation. Then, we discuss the contribution of NAD+-glycohydrolase/CD38 to the regulation of calcium homeostasis in microglia. The review highlights contemporary approaches for manipulating microglial calcium metabolism with potential implications for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases and neuroinflammation. Additionally, we briefly mention on modern imaging methods for studying calcium signaling in microglia. Thus, we summarize current data that shed the light on the intricate interplay between calcium regulation and microglial function in brain (patho)physiology. It also offers insights into potential therapeutic strategies and visualization techniques in the context of diagnostics and treatment of neurodegenerative disorders and neuroinflammation.
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5 REGULATION OF CALCIUM HOMEOSTASIS IN MICROGLIA.pdf | 1.21 MB |
The ability to track some structural changes in enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) by observing its fluorescence makes EGFP a convenient object for studying the protein denaturation process and the influence of some factors on denaturation, in particular, the presence of nanoparticles. In this work, we studied the EGFP fluorescence during its de- and renaturation processes, as well as the influence of the addition of iron oxide nanoparticles on EGFP fluorescence and these processes. Kinetic measurements of denaturation revealed some details of this process. During renaturation, we managed to achieve a 60% recovery of EGFP fluorescence compared to the native protein. We also demonstrated significant effects of the presence of iron oxide nanoparticles. Iron nanoparticles approximately doubled the denaturation rate and suppressed protein renaturation.
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4 STUDY OF THE ENHANCED GREEN FLUORESCENT PROTEIN.pdf | 934.24 KB |
1,2,4-trioxolanes were obtained by the ozonation of fish oil with a mixture of oxygen and ozone to study their physicochemical properties. The biological activity of 1,2,4-trioxolanes with betulin from birch bark extract in fish oil was evaluated under hypoxia and immobilization stress in rats. 1,2,4-trioxolanes composition led to LPO indexes normalization (malondialdehyde, Schiff bases, diene and triene conjugates), the activation of NADP/H and NAD/H-dependent enzymes (GR, G6PDH, LDH, AlDH), as well as SOD and catalase, under stress in rats. Thus, we estimated 1,2,4-trioxolanes with betulin in fish oil to regulate oxidative and energy metabolism under hypoxia and immobilization stress in rats. The findings show that studied composition can be useful to prevent and treat the diseases caused by oxidative stress.
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3 THE EFFECT OF 1,2,4-TRIOXOLANES WITH BETULIN IN FISH OIL.pdf | 1.14 MB |
The Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), located in the northeastern part of Russia, is characterized by an extremely cold climate, to which the indigenous people is adapted. Over the past decades, there has been a significant increase of the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) among the indigenous population. It is known that polymorphisms of the mitochondrial genome, in particular, the 16189C variant of hypervariable segment I (HVS-I), may contribute to the development of T2DM. The aim of the study was to assess the association of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) HVS-I polymorphisms with the type 2 diabetes mellitus in the Sakha (Yakut) population. Sequencing of HVS-I mtDNA in 102 patients with T2DM and 101 non-diabetic controls revealed 67 haplotypes and 64 SNP variants. There was no statistically significant difference in the frequencies of detected HVS-I polymorphisms and haplotypes between the two groups, which indicates the absence of a close association between HVS-I polymorphisms and T2DM in the Sakha population.
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2 SEARCH FOR ASSOCIATIONS OF MITOCHONDRIAL GENOME.pdf | 463.22 KB |
Overtraining syndrome (OTS) is a condition associated with prolonged dysfunctional adaptation to physical exercise and a long-term imbalance between training and recovery that results in decreased sports performance lasting from several weeks to months with serious consequences for the health of athletes. The problem of diagnosis and prevention of OTS remains relevant, as the diagnosis is often made retrospectively. Currently, no clear reliable biochemical or functional markers for early detection of OTS are described, and the features of pathogenesis of this syndrome remain unclear. The present overview describes the basic theories of OTS development, the main biomarkers and their diagnostic significance, as well as some novel parameters and methods that may be possibly perspective for early detection of OTS.
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1 OVERTRAINING SYNDROME- PECULIARITIES AND PERSPECTIVES.pdf | 428.94 KB |
Given the complexity and huge variety of human diseases and areas of medicine aimed at reducing or eliminating the negative consequences of various disorders in the normal functioning of complex systems, it is important to study these complex processes in model organisms. This article provides a short overview of human diseases and some applied areas of medicine in which some progress has been made through the study of model animals. In the future, new knowledge obtained on various animal models can be used to elucidate the etiology of disorders, with subsequent implementation in clinical medicine.
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12 MODEL ANIMALS USED IN BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH.pdf | 376.87 KB |
COVID-19 is a disease first reported in 2019 that claimed the lives of more than 6.5 million people worldwide, paralyzed transport links and locked the borders of many states for a long time. In 2023, 3 years have passed since, yet not all countries have fully recovered and lifted the restrictions, which, of course, highlights that COVID-19 has had a huge impact on all aspects of modern life. The pandemic has given a strong impetus to the development of science and the study of COVID-19 and infectious diseases in general around the world, many articles on COVID-19 have been published in the past 3 years. Particularly interesting was the fact that while some people were asymptomatic, had mild COVID-19, other patients required mechanical ventilation and even medically induced coma. In this regard, the study of the genetic factors contributing to the severe course of the disease, comorbidities and the individual response to drugs has become especially relevant. In our work, we consider the main genes and entire loci of chromosomes involved in the pathogenesis of COVID-19. Genes such as IFNAR2, TMPRSS2, ACE2, TYK2, DPP9, HLA, OAS3, ABO, 3p21.31 locus and 12q24.13 locus have been considered; in addition, the association of severe COVID-19 with diseases such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and obesity was discussed.
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11 GENETIC BASIS FOR SEVERE COVID-19_0.pdf | 396.9 KB |
Bacillus cereus is an opportunistic Gram-positive anaerobic spore-forming bacterium found in various environmental conditions. One of the pathogenicity factors is hemolytic toxin II, which belongs to the group of β-barrel pore-forming toxins. HlyII B. cereus differs from other β- barrel pore-forming toxins by having a C-terminal extension of 94 amino acid residues. In this work, the binding sites of monoclonal antibodies obtained against recombinant HlyIICTD on the protein surface were determined. Using monoclonal antibodies, it was shown that HlyIICTD interacts with the erythrocyte membrane in a strictly defined manner. The localization of epitopes recognized by monoclonal antibodies suggested that the binding site of HlyIICTD with the membrane is localized in the C-terminal region of HlyIICTD molecule.
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10 MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES TO THE C-TERMINAL.pdf | 696.61 KB |
Biomedical research often requires the use of precise equipment for micromanipulation, particularly in cellular biology. However, relatively inexpensive devices for cellular manipulation with electrophysiological methods or local chemical application with micrometer accuracy are rarely available in the equipment market. In this study, we present a method to develop a micromanipulator device based on stepper motors that is controlled by a microcontroller via a gamepad. This micro-motion system can be easily produced in any laboratory for various scientific experiments that require the movement of the electrode or pipette with a precision of several micrometers.
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9 LOW-COST MICROMANIPULATOR DEVICE FABRICATION.pdf | 6.35 MB |
Objectives: to analyze early postoperative arrhythmias in patients after surgical treatment of atrial fibrillation, correction of valvular pathology and sympathetic denervation of the pulmonary arteries in order to correct high pulmonary hypertension. Materials and methods: the study included patients with diagnosed mitral valve disease complicated by atrial fibrillation and high-grade pulmonary hypertension (40 mm Hg or more). All studied patients underwent mitral valve replacement, Maze IV biatrial surgery. In contrast to the patients in the study group, pulmonary artery denervation was not performed in the control group. On the first day after transfer to the ward from the intensive care unit, patients were fitted with a wearable cardiorecorder, which provides continuous ECG recording of one lead with automatically machine analysis with the formation of a pre-medical conclusion. Results: In all studies, a mechanism was implemented for remote ECG transmission of data in the "real time" mode for evaluation by a cardiologist. The study group demonstrated the best recovery and preservation of sinus rhythm in the early postoperative period. 92% of the patient had sinus rhythm, while in the control group this indicator was - 81% (p = 0.05). Radiofrequency denervation of the pulmonary arteries is a safe and effective method for correcting high pulmonary hypertension and helps to maintain sinus rhythm after the concomitant Maze IV procedure (p = 0.05). The use of automatic cardiac screening has demonstrated the feasibility of detecting early arrhythmias in automatic mode with the possibility of timely personalized correction of antiarrhythmic therapy and treatment tactics in general.
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8 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS BY AUTOMATIC.pdf | 521.28 KB |