Various polysaccharide-based compositions containing xanthan and alginate were developed to produce spherical gel particles with immobilized probiotic microorganisms, Lactobacillus plantarum, and the bacteriocins produced by this strain. The conditions for the formation of spherical gel particles were optimized, and their stability was evaluated under different pH values and temperature conditions. It was demonstrated that at pH 2.4 the gel particles did not undergo degradation; thus, under conditions simulating gastric juice, lactic acid bacteria retained their viability. At pH values close to 7.5–8.0, visual observation showed dissolution of the gel particles, indicating that under conditions mimicking the colon environment, immobilized microorganisms were released from the matrix. In addition, L. plantarum actively synthesized bacteriocins exhibiting inhibitory activity against test pathogenic microorganisms. Thus, the developed gel particles containing probiotic cultures can effectively deliver viable probiotics to the colon without degradation in the stomach.
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 06_Атыкян_63-76.pdf | 1.49 MB |
Background: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the leading microvascular complications associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), yet its occurrence varies among patients with similar metabolic exposure, suggesting genetic modifiers. The AGE-RAGE axis is mechanistically linked to oxidative stress and inflammatory signalling in retinal injury, and the functional AGER/RAGE rs2070600 (G82S) variant is a plausible susceptibility locus. Objective: To evaluate the association of rs2070600 (G82S) with DR in a South Indian T2DM. Methods: A Total of 220 adults with T2DM were recruited (110 DR; 110 non-DR). DR status was confirmed by ophthalmologist examination/imaging. Biochemical profiling included glycaemic indices and lipids. rs2070600 was genotyped by PCR-RFLP with sequencing-based quality control. Results: DR cases had longer diabetes duration, higher PPBS and HbA1c, and an atherogenic lipid tendency. Genotype distributions differed (p<0.001) with A-allele enrichment in DR (0.50 vs 0.305). Compared with GG, AG (OR 4.12, 95% CI 2.19-7.78) and AA (OR 3.26, 95% CI 1.57-6.80) increased DR odds; the dominant model was significant, while the recessive model was not. Controls deviated from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE). Conclusion: rs2070600 (G82S) is associated with DR susceptibility in this South Indian T2DM sample, supporting larger multicentre studies with multivariable adjustment and soluble RAGE phenotyping.
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| 05_Santhini_51-62.pdf | 730.38 KB |
This study compared the effects of citric acid (CA) derived from microbial fermentation using Aspergillus niger (400 mg kg-1) and natural extraction from Citrus limon (400 mg kg1) in albino mice. Parameters assessed included cytogenetic damage via the micronucleus (MN) assay, immunological response through immunoglobulin (IgA, IgG, IgM) titers, and hepatoprotective activity based on liver enzyme levels (AST, ALT, ALP) and histopathological investigation. Mice were divided into six groups (n = 10/group) as follows: (1) negative control, (2) carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄ 0.02%), (3) lemon CA, (4) A. niger, (5) CCl₄ + lemon CA, and (6) CCl₄ + A. niger CA. The CCl4 group exhibited a significantly higher MN frequency (0.06 ± 0.008) compared to the control (0.01 ± 0.001). Co-treatment with lemon CA and A. niger CA significantly reduced MN frequencies to 0.02 ± 0.005 and 0.03 ± 0.001, respectively. Immunologically, lemon CA significantly increased IgG and IgM titers but decreased IgA compared to the control. Both CA sources demonstrated hepatoprotective effects, significantly attenuating the CCl4-induced elevation of AST, ALT, and ALP and reducing histopathological damage. The results indicate that while both CAs offer protective benefits, lemon-derived CA was more effective at the tested doses, particularly in mitigating genotoxicity and modulating the immune response.
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| 04_Salim_42-50.pdf | 1.16 MB |
Bleomycin is an important chemotherapeutic agent that has been widely used in the treatment of various malignancies, including testicular germ cell tumors and Hodgkin lymphoma. However, its clinical use is limited due to pulmonary toxicity, such as pneumonitis, which can lead to irreversible pulmonary fibrosis. Saxagliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, possesses biological activities beyond its antidiabetic effects. The aim of this study was to explore the impact of saxagliptin on reducing bleomycin-induced pulmonary injury in rats and its relation to pro-inflammatory, apoptotic, and fibrotic mediators. Twenty-four adult male albino rats were evenly divided into four groups: Group I was the control (2% DMSO); Group II was administered 2.5 IU/kg bleomycin; Groups III and IV were treated with 5 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg saxagliptin, respectively. Pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α), an apoptotic marker (caspase-3), and fibrotic markers (TGF-β and Smad-3) were measured, and lung tissues were examined histologically. Results showed that saxagliptin treatment decreased inflammatory cytokines, apoptotic markers, and fibrosis-related mediators compared to the bleomycin-only group (except for TGF-β, which remained upregulated). Histological examination of the lungs showed marked structural injury in the bleomycin group, mild improvement after treatment with low-dose saxagliptin, and near-normal pulmonary architecture after treatment with high-dose saxagliptin. Conclusion: Saxagliptin exerted protective effects against bleomycin-induced lung injury through anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and antifibrotic actions, supporting its potential use as a therapeutic approach for pulmonary fibrosis.
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| 03_Kazem_22-41.pdf | 3.29 MB |
Phenols are used to make detergents, some prescription drugs, pesticides, and other industrially manufactured products. Consuming a range of phenolic compounds found in food reduces the risk of health issues because they act as antioxidants. Paclitaxel is a commonly used treatment for a variety of malignancies. It has been shown that higher doses of paclitaxel are more successful in treating a variety of cancer types. Nevertheless, in addition to inhibiting the growth of cancerous cells, chemotherapy medications have some unfavorable side effects. Twenty-four albino male rats were divided into three groups, and each group consisted of eight rats. Group I: negative control, injected with normal saline. Group II: positive control, received paclitaxel for 4 doses at 7 mg/kg over 30 days without phenol treatment. Group III: rats were treated with crude phenol extract at 10 mg/kg administered orally, along with paclitaxel, and samples were collected after 30 days. The results showed that the crude phenol extract reduced creatinine, urea, uric acid, AST, ALT, and ALP activity, while it increased SOD levels. The rats treated with crude phenol extract showed improvement in liver and kidney histopathological alterations. In conclusion, we investigated the possible advantages of crude phenol extract from Cinnamomum cassia L. in reducing the side effects of paclitaxel, a chemotherapy drug.
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| 02_Hasan_15-21.pdf | 726.43 KB |
Periodontal diseases are common chronic inflammatory conditions, and saliva provides a practical window into local immune activity. Among salivary biomarkers, IL-6 and TIMP-1 are promising for capturing inflammation and tissue remodeling, yet their age-related behavior across health, gingivitis, and periodontitis remains insufficiently defined. The objective was to investigate the modulatory effect of age on the salivary levels of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in individuals with varying periodontal conditions, specifically periodontal health, gingivitis, and periodontitis (Stages 1–3). This cross-sectional study was conducted on 107 systemically healthy, non-smoking participants, categorized according to the 2017 World Workshop criteria as periodontal health, gingivitis, or periodontitis (Stages 1-3). Unstimulated whole saliva was collected and analyzed using ELISA. Statistical tests included ANOVA, Tukey HSD, Spearman correlation, and multiple linear regression adjusted for sex and BMI. Both salivary TIMP-1 and IL-6 levels significantly increased with age (TIMP-1: β = +24.31 ng/mL/year, 95% CI [12.8–35.8], R² = 0.123; IL-6: β = +1.75 pg/mL/year, 95% CI [0.9–2.6], R² = 0.169; p < 0.001). Periodontitis groups exhibited 2.4–2.5× higher TIMP-1 and 1.5–2.3× higher IL-6 than healthy controls (p < 0.001). IL-6 also differentiated gingivitis from health (p = 0.026), while TIMP-1 surged notably in Stage 1 periodontitis (p < 0.001). A strong positive correlation was observed between TIMP-1 and IL-6 (ρ = 0.649, p < 0.001). Aging independently modulates periodontal biomarker profiles, with IL-6 responding earlier in inflammation and TIMP-1 rising in advanced disease, supporting inflammaging and compensatory repair.
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| 01_Akram_5-14.pdf | 695.34 KB |
The prevalence of chronic gastritis (CG) in the population is extremely high (50–80% among the adult population) and correlates with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection. CG is a multifactorial process influenced by both environmental and genetic factors. In gastritis (especially associated with H. pylori), immune cells (macrophages, neutrophils) actively produce matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). MMPs degrade the basement membrane of the gastric epithelium, disruption of its integrity and deepening of damage. The aim of this study is to analyze the association of polymorphic variants of the matrix metalloproteinase genes MMP9 (rs17576, 836A>G) and MMP12 (rs652438, 1070A> G) with the risk of developing chronic gastritis in individuals living in the Republic of Bashkortostan. Material and methods. DNA samples from 154 patients with gastritis and DNA samples from 122 individuals in the control group aged 18-50 years living in the Republic of Bashkortostan were used as research material. Genotyping was performed using the real-time PCR method. Results. In males, the G allele of the rs17576 polymorphic variant of the MMP9 gene was found to be a marker of an increased risk of developing CG. Association analysis of the rs652438 polymorphic variant of the MMP12 gene with the development of CG revealed no statistically significant differences between the compared groups of patients and controls. Conclusion. The obtained data allow for a deeper study of the mechanisms and molecular basis of CG pathogenesis, as well as the identification of important molecular genetic markers of the risk of developing this disease.
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| 16_200-205.pdf | 714.73 KB |
Periodic changes of intracellular mediators concentration play a key role in the functioning of both electrically excitable and non-excitable cells. In particular, fluctuations in calcium and nitric oxide in microvascular cells are important for their functioning, and changes in these mediators are associated with pathological conditions. However, the characteristics of calcium and nitric oxide fluctuation synchronization in non-excitable cells have been little studied. The main reason for this is the lack of an adequate research method. In this study, we successfully adapted the method of polyspectral analysis for the quantitative assessment of the synchronization of calcium and NO oscillations in non-excitable cells using microvascular cells as an example. The polyspectral analysis method allows us to accurately assess the proportion of cells with synchronized calcium and NO oscillations, the strength of synchronization, the direction of transmission of the synchronizing frequency from cell to cell, and which mediators are involved in the transmission of this frequency. In addition, stress factors (heating, excess glucose) alter the number of synchronized cells, the distribution of synchronized oscillations by frequency and amplitude, and the direction of transmission of the synchronizing frequency from cell to cell. We believe that the data obtained can be used in personalised medicine and other fields.
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| 15_181-199.pdf | 3.03 MB |
The development of photopolymer 3D printing materials for biomedical applications requires the creation of a new class of polymer resins, that combine high strength, antibacterial activity, and low toxicity against eukaryotic cells. In this paper, a new material for 3D printing based on polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and tellurium nanoparticles (NPs) was developed. NPs Te were synthesized by laser ablation in water, transferred in acetone, and then included in a MMA solution. NPs concentrations Te were 0.001, 0.01, and 0.1% by volume. The introduction of Te NPs did not alter the energy required for polymerization or the mechanical properties of the finished polymer; however, it increased the degree of final polymerization as indicated by FTIR data. Additionally, it added significant bacteriostatic properties without increasing toxicity against eukaryotic cells. The mechanism of antibacterial action can be mediated through the induction of oxidative stress in bacteria (increased generation of 8-oxoGua and long-lived reactive forms of proteins in aqueous solutions). The severity of the antibacterial action is determined by the dose of the introduced NPs Te.
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| 14_159-180.pdf | 2.93 MB |
Connective tissue dysplasia (CTD) is associated with complex metabolic changes, including the metabolism of amino acids. However, the currently available data are contradictory. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the levels of amino acids in the urine of children with undifferentiated (uCTD). The present research involved 524 children who were included in the control group and 1266 children with uCTD syndrome who were included in the experimental group. The levels of amino acids in urine were assessed using GC-MS Agilent GC 7820/MSD 5975. The statistical analysis was performed using SPSS program, version 22. The results of the study by means of chromatography-mass spectrometry of the amino acid composition of urine in children with undifferentiated connective tissue dysplasia syndrome living in permafrost conditions of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) are presented in this paper. The analysis of amino acids in urine enables to evaluate their qualitative and quantitative composition, to obtain information about the existing imbalance, which may indicate nutritional and metabolic disorders underlying a large number of diseases, including disorders associated with connective tissue.
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| 13_145-158.pdf | 2.39 MB |
