Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) is distinguished from other lymphoid tumours due to the fact that its biology and clinical symptoms are very different from those of other lymphoid cancers. In the past ten years, there has been significant progress made in the understanding of the pathogenesis of the disease. In the field of cancer research, there have been numerous significant areas that have been investigated. The mechanisms of genetic vulnerability, the role of immunogenetic factors in the development of disease, genomic changes, epigenetic subtypes, epigenomic reprogramming of tumour cells, the control of interactions between tumour cells and their environment, and the dynamics of clonal evolution from monoclonal B cell lymphocytosis to diffuse large B-cell lymphoma are some of the topics that are investigated. As a result of the accumulation of information, new targeted drugs and management strategies have been developed, which has resulted in the opening of new therapy avenues. The purpose of this review is to examine the patterns of DNA methylation, immunological markers, and molecular and immunological characteristics that are present in patients who have chronic lymphocytic leukaemia.
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